Chloroform (CHCl3) — 3D VSEPR Molecular Geometry & Bond Angles
Asymmetric tetrahedral substitution (one H and three Cl atoms) breaks symmetry and yields a 1.04 D molecular dipole.
Water (H2O)
Two lone pairs on sp³ oxygen compress the H–O–H bond angle from 109.5° down to 104.5°, creating a strong 1.85 D dipole.
Methane (CH4)
Symmetric sp³ tetrahedral coordination around carbon cancels all four C–H bond dipoles identically to zero.
Ammonia (NH3)
One axial lone pair on nitrogen repels the three N–H bonding pairs into a trigonal pyramid with 107.3° bond angles.
Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
Two double C=O bonds orient at 180° around sp-hybridized carbon; opposing C→O dipoles cancel completely.
Boron Trifluoride (BF3)
Electron-deficient sp² boron forms an exact 120° trigonal planar geometry; three strong B–F dipoles sum to zero.
Sulfur Dioxide (SO2)
Resonance-stabilized AX2E bent molecule with one sp² lone pair on sulfur, producing a net 1.63 D dipole moment.
Formaldehyde (CH2O)
Trigonal planar sp² carbonyl center where the C=O double bond strongly pulls electron density, creating a 2.33 D dipole.
Chloroform (CHCl3)
Asymmetric tetrahedral substitution (one H and three Cl atoms) breaks symmetry and yields a 1.04 D molecular dipole.
Phosphorus Pentachloride (PCl5)
Hypervalent sp³d trigonal bipyramid with two axial Cl atoms (180°) and three equatorial Cl atoms (120°).
Sulfur Tetrafluoride (SF4)
AX4E seesaw geometry: the lone pair occupies an equatorial position to minimize 90° steric repulsions.
Chlorine Trifluoride (ClF3)
AX3E2 T-shaped interhalogen where two equatorial lone pairs bend the axial F–Cl–F bond slightly inward to 87.5°.
Xenon Difluoride (XeF2)
Three equatorial lone pairs in an sp³d trigonal bipyramid leave the two fluorine atoms colinear at 180°.
Sulfur Hexafluoride (SF6)
Perfectly octahedral sp³d² dielectric gas with six equidistant S–F bonds at 90° and zero dipole moment.
Bromine Pentafluoride (BrF5)
AX5E square pyramidal molecule whose basal fluorine atoms tilt upward away from the lone pair to 84.8°.
Xenon Tetrafluoride (XeF4)
AX4E2 square planar noble-gas compound with two trans lone pairs at 180° canceling all dipole vectors.
Hydrogen Cyanide (HCN)
Linear sp-hybridized molecule featuring a C≡N triple bond and a strong 2.98 D dipole pointing toward nitrogen.
Ethene (Ethylene) (C2H4)
Rigid C=C π-bond locks all six atoms in a single plane with sp² hybridization and ~120° bond angles.
Ethyne (Acetylene) (C2H2)
Carbon-carbon triple bond (1 σ + 2 π) produces a rigid 180° rod-like linear hydrocarbon.
Benzene (C6H6)
Six sp² carbons form a regular 1.39 Å hexagon with six delocalized π electrons (Hückel 4n+2 aromaticity).
Ethanol (C2H5OH)
Two tetrahedral sp³ carbons linked to a polar bent hydroxyl (–OH) group capable of hydrogen bonding.